Physicochemical and Environmental Assessment of Urban Groundwater in Pune

Groundwater is a primary source of domestic and agricultural water supply in rapidly urbanizing regions of Maharashtra. Pune, a major educational and industrial hub, increasingly depends on borewell water to meet rising water demands. However, concerns regarding groundwater quality have emerged due to geological influences and anthropogenic activities such as sewage infiltration and agricultural runoff. The present study evaluates the physicochemical characteristics of borewell water collected from four different locations in Pune city to assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Water samples were collected where examined for pH, total hardness, bicarbonates, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The results were compared with BIS IS 10500:2012 and WHO drinking water standards. The findings indicate noticeable spatial variation in groundwater quality, pH values were within acceptable limits, total hardness in most samples exceeded desirable standards leading as very hard water. Elevated TDS and conductivity levels were observed in selected locations, showing strong positive correlation and reflecting high ionic concentration. The study highlights the combined influence of basaltic geology and human activities on groundwater chemistry in Pune. Regular monitoring, appropriate treatment measures, and sustainable groundwater management strategies are recommended to ensure safe and long-term utilization of this vital resource