Small Signaling Peptides in Sorghum bicolor : Integrating Phylogeny and Gene Expression to Characterize Roles in Stem Development

ABSTRACT Small signaling peptides (SSPs) are important regulators of plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress, yet their role in the C4 grass Sorghum bicolor is largely uncharacterized. To help fill this knowledge gap, 219 sorghum genes that encode SSPs were identified based on SSP sequences previously identified in Arabidopsis thaliana , Zea mays , Oryza sativa , Triticum aestivum , and Brachypodium distachyon . The 219 sorghum SSP‐encoding genes were assigned to 19 gene families, analyzed for the presence of motifs, and aligned with genes that encode SSPs in other plants using phylogenetic analysis. Sorghum genes in 12 of the 19 SSP gene families had not been previously characterized. Expression of the 219 SSP‐encoding genes in sorghum organs, during stem development, and in stem tissues and cell types revealed distinct spatial, temporal, and developmental patterns of expression. Genes associated with the SbCEP and SbRGF families were preferentially expressed in roots, whereas SbEPF genes were expressed in stem epidermal and pith parenchyma cells and panicles. The expression of genes during bioenergy sorghum stem growth and development was investigated because stems account for ~80% of harvested biomass and serve as conduits for water and nutrient transport between leaves and roots. During stem development, 28 SSP genes in several families ( CLE , EPF , CEP , GASS , PSY , ES , PSK , CAPE , POE ) were expressed at higher levels in zones of cell proliferation. For example, the TDIF homologs S bCLE41 and SbCLE42 were expressed at high levels in nascent stem nodes where they may regulate vascular bundle cambial activity and cell differentiation. A different set of 15 genes in the CIF , POE , CAPE , PSY , CEP , RALF , and CLE families were expressed at higher levels in zones of stem tissue differentiation highlighted by elevated expression of five SbRALFR s in the stem nodal plexus. Cell type–specific expression of many sorghum genes that encode SSPs was observed in fully elongated internodes indicating gene expression is regulated with high spatial resolution. Overall, the results provide a foundation of information for analysis of SSP function in sorghum that can be integrated with knowledge of sorghum gene regulatory networks to modulate traits important for production of sorghum crops.