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To meet global climate goals an energy transition is needed. However, energy transitions are complex and longterm and require a variety of public policy interventions to steer their direction and speed to achieve climate change mitigation targets. One area where policy support is required is energy efficiency, which a high potential for carbon savings. It is widely acknowledged that energy efficiency improvements will to be faster and deeper than is currently the case and this requires policy instrument mixes to support both energy efficiency measures that are simple and cost-effective as well as more complex and costly technologies. other words, policy mixes need to be well-targeted and comprehensive. In this paper, we address the of comprehensiveness in terms of technology-specificity and the level of complexity and costliness of efficiency measures. We use an existing dataset produced as part of a pan-European effort to understand mixes in 14 EU Member States in the area of energy efficiency. Based on the empirical analysis and segmentation of instrument types and their role in the overall mix, we illustrate the need for using a instrument mix rather than single instruments.
Rosenow et al. (Sat,) studied this question.