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This review explores the evolving role of hydrogen in global decarbonization, analysing national hydrogen strategies, value chain developments, and future market potential. Through a comprehensive review of policy frameworks, market trends, and technology pathways, the paper evaluates hydrogen's role in decarbonising sectors such as steel, ammonia, methanol, refining, transport, and power generation. The study highlights the expected growth in global hydrogen demand, projected cost reductions, and advancements in production technologies, including electrolysis and carbon capture-integrated hydrogen production. While green hydrogen offers a sustainable pathway, challenges remain in infrastructure development, energy efficiency, and the integration of hydrogen into existing energy networks. The paper considers the economic and technological factors affecting international hydrogen trade. Despite more than 30 national hydrogen strategies being in place, significant challenges remain, particularly in scaling renewable electricity and infrastructure to meet growing hydrogen demand projected to reach up to 600 Mt by 2050. Key players such as Australia, Norway, and the Middle East are positioning themselves as major hydrogen exporters by leveraging their abundant natural resources and strategic infrastructure. On the demand side, countries like Japan, South Korea, Germany, and the Netherlands are emerging as leading importers, investing heavily in hydrogen hubs and import terminals to secure future energy supplies. The expansion of hydrogen storage and transportation, alongside investments in large-scale hydrogen hubs, will be critical for market growth. Additionally, the study emphasize the need for policy alignment, strategic investments, and cross-border cooperation to accelerate hydrogen adoption. Hydrogen can become a key element of the global clean energy transition by addressing optimal energy consumption and by leveraging renewable resources.
Konovalov et al. (Thu,) studied this question.