Efficient techniques and practices for wastewater treatment: an update

The rise in the world's population has led to an amplified need for fundamental requirements such as healthcare, shelter, and water. At the same time, human practices like agriculture, mining, and deforestation have resulted in challenges related to environmental sustainability and the contamination of water resources. As a result, access to safe drinking water has become a major challenge worldwide, and controlling water pollution is crucial. Several water treatment methods, including adsorption, nanotechnology, and membrane technology, have been developed to mitigate health and environmental impacts. However, many of these methods are too expensive, especially for people living in low-income countries. Additionally, some of the technologies are not very effective at removing pollutants, which exacerbates the problem. The physical, chemical, and biological approaches for treating water are categorized in this review, along with the benefits and drawbacks of each approach. Given that the adsorption method is thought to be one of the more economical and environmentally friendly techniques to treat water, this review recommends that in order to increase the efficacy of the adsorbents, a comprehensive investigation into the exact operation of the adsorbents at the cellular and molecular levels be conducted.