Stability of non-fullerene organic solar cells: a device engineering perspective

, oxygen, moisture), and mechanical failures. We critically assess recent device-level stabilization approaches, with particular emphasis on the design of robust multi-component active layers, the adoption of inverted device architectures, the development of stable charge transport layers, and the integration of durable electrodes. By highlighting key advances over the past two years, we illustrate how strategic device engineering not only mitigates degradation but also preserves high performance, thereby helping to bridge the gap between laboratory achievements and commercial viability. Finally, we outline promising research directions aimed at further enhancing the stability of OSCs.