Effect of Different HTM Layers and Electrical Parameters on ZnO Nanorod-Based Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell for High-Efficiency Performance

Simulation has been done using SCAPS-1D to examine the efficiency of CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 -based solar cells including various HTM layers such as spiro-OMeTAD, Cu 2 O, and CuSCN. ZnO nanorod array has been considered as an ETM layer. Device parameters such as thickness of the CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 layer, defect density of interfaces, density of states, and metal work function were studied. For optimum parameters of all three structures, efficiency of 20.21%, 20.23%, and 18.34% has been achieved for spiro-OMeTAD, Cu 2 O, and CuSCN, respectively. From the simulations, an alternative lead-free perovskite solar cell is introduced with the CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 absorber layer, ZnO nanorod ETM layer, and Cu 2 O HTM layer.