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covalent ligation with DNA or miRNA using synthetic click chemistry approaches resulted in the formation of dimers/tetramers, which could ease the delivery of DNA-intercalating drugs and simultaneously sense target biomarkers in the cellular environment, showing the synergistic applications of multivalent assemblies. This review provides an overview of the design strategies and chemistries involved in the loading of nucleic acid probes onto the NP surface, synthesis of PEG ligands, and purification and characterization techniques for assemblies (dimer, trimer, and multimer). In addition, the applications of NP assemblies in biosensing miRNA, strategies and challenges involved in the intracellular detection of miRNA, colorimetric, SERS, and electrochemical techniques for bacterial/virus detection, and drug delivery applications are discussed. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and future perspectives in commercializing this technology are comprehensively elucidated.
Shetty et al. (2025) studied this question.