Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures

Ice accretion on structures is discussed with an emphasis on estimating structural design iceloads and solving operational icing problems. Basic principles of modelling of icing caused by freezing precipitation, cloud droplets and wet snow, as well as simulation of icicle growth, are presented. Theoretical models of atmospheric ice accretion are critically reviewed, particularly with respect to the simulation of the relevant physical processes. The reasons for the difficulties in simulating some icing phenomena accurately are analysed and proposals for further improvements in the models are made.