9,10-Phenanthrenequinone: A Promising Kernel to Develop Multifunctional Antitumor Systems for Efficient Type I Photodynamic and Photothermal Synergistic Therapy

Synergistic phototherapy provides a promising strategy to conquer the hypoxia and heterogeneity of tumors and realize a better therapeutic effect than monomodal photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photothermal therapy (PTT). The development of efficient multifunctional organic phototheranostic systems still remains a challenging task. Herein, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) with strong electron-withdrawing ability is conjugated with the rotor-type electron-donating triphenylamine derivatives to create a series of tailor-made photosensitizers. The highly efficient Type I reactive oxygen species generation and outstanding photothermal conversion capacity are tactfully integrated into these PQ-cored photosensitizers. The underlying photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of the combined photothermal and Type I photodynamic effects are deciphered by experimental and theoretical methods and are closely associated with the active intramolecular bond stretching vibration, facilitated intersystem crossing, and specific redox cycling activity of the PQ core. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrate that the nanoagents fabricated by these PQ-based photosensitizers are excellent candidates for Type I photodynamic and photothermal combined antitumor therapy. This study thus broadens the horizon for the development of high-performance PTT/Type I PDT nanoagents for synergistic phototheranostic treatments.