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Hydrogen is recognized as a versatile and clean energy carrier that plays a crucial role in facilitating the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy. This comprehensive review examines recent advancements in non-renewable and hybrid hydrogen production technologies, with a particular emphasis on their potential to reduce carbon emissions while simultaneously promoting efficiency and scalability. Conventional approaches to hydrogen production, including steam methane reforming, dry reforming, partial oxidation, and gasification, have undergone substantial advancements due to innovations in catalytic processes, reactor configurations, and the incorporation of carbon capture technologies. Emerging hybrid methodologies that integrate fossil fuels with renewable energy sources present a promising strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, while simultaneously utilizing the existing energy infrastructure. Moreover, advanced methodologies, including plasma-assisted reforming, chemical looping processes, and nuclear-based hydrogen production, are significantly reshaping the domain of clean hydrogen generation by effectively addressing critical technical and environmental challenges. This review further investigates the economic, environmental, and operational implications associated with these methodologies, offering a comprehensive assessment of their feasibility and impact. Future research directions emphasize the necessity of developing cost-effective materials, enhancing reactor efficiency, and incorporating artificial intelligence for the optimization of processes. This review underscores the transformative potential of non-renewable hydrogen production in the establishment of a global hydrogen economy by integrating technological advancements with sustainable practices.
Avargani et al. (Sun,) studied this question.