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The use of concrete with alkali-activated binders in structural engineering applications is restricted by the uncertainty surrounding its long-term performance. Durability of concrete with alkali-activated binders is particularly governed by the resistance to carbonation and chloride penetration. Carbonation lowers the pH of concrete, compromising its alkalinity, while chloride ions can induce localized corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement. This paper examines the performance of concrete where Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is partially or entirely substituted with supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). For concrete incorporating alkali-activated binders, this review emphasizes the impact of binder composition, activator type and concentration, and curing conditions on its resistance to carbonation and chloride ingress. Methods for assessing these parameters were explored to understand the viability of alkali-activated binders in structural applications. Concrete with alkali-activated binders that contain higher calcium exhibit better resistance to chloride penetration and carbonation. Combining GGBS with fly ash enhances the carbonation resistance more effectively compared to using each binder separately to produce structural concrete.
Mohamed et al. (Thu,) studied this question.