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Human-powered electricity generation (HPEG) presents a transformative strategy for sustainable, decentralized energy by converting biomechanical, thermoelectric, and bioenergy derived from human activities into electrical power. This approach addresses the global need for affordable and clean energy, particularly in underserved communities. However, current research on HPEG reveals challenges, including suboptimal energy conversion efficiency, limited device durability, and insufficient integration of socio-economic benefits—factors that impede adoption and scalability. To address these limitations, this review evaluates recent technical advancements and proposes a socio-technical framework designed to enhance energy production while fostering employment opportunities. The study utilizes a systematic literature review to synthesize knowledge on piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric technologies, with a focus on innovations in materials, hybrid architectures, and the integration of real-time, multidimensional data. It examines technical performance metrics and explores the incorporation of data-driven models of labor participation within HPEG systems. Insights are drawn from case studies such as the Harmonious Ecological Village concept. Key findings include increased power densities, the potential of AI-driven optimization to enhance energy management, and the emergence of employment opportunities linked to human energy harvesting. The proposed socio-technical framework positions HPEG as intelligent platforms capable of supporting health monitoring and enhancing social resilience. These findings indicate that HPEG, when supported by multisource energy integration and AI analytics, can significantly contribute to global sustainability goals by delivering inclusive and renewable energy solutions. Future prospects include manufacturing processes and wireless integration, positioning HPEG as a foundational element of next-generation sustainable energy systems and socio-economic development.
Ding et al. (Wed,) studied this question.