A Comparative Review of Soil Erosion Models: From Empirical Equations to Process-Based Simulations

Soil erosion remains a major environmental and agricultural challenge, particularly in India’s diverse agro-climatic regions. This review examines the strengths and limitations of widely used soil erosion models—USLE, RUSLE, and processbased models such as WEPP. Empirical models like USLE and RUSLE are simple, require minimal input data, and are effective for broad-scale assessments, but they lack the ability to simulate dynamic processes. In contrast, process-based models offer detailed insights into erosion mechanisms and watershed responses but demand high-resolution data and extensive calibration. Based on recent studies across Indian watersheds, this paper compares these models in terms of accuracy, data requirements, and field applicability. The review concludes that while empirical models are useful for rapid evaluations, process-based models are more suitable for site-specific planning and conservation interventions. An integrated approach combining both model types with geospatial tools is recommended for effective watershed management.