A New Farme Work of Thermodynamics, An Artificial Energy Cycle and the Big Energy Cycle in the Universe

This new frame work of thermodynamics consists of three parts: (1) The traditional thermodynamics, relating to all the ordinary thermodynamical processes we meet in our life，work, and ordinary research, covering an extremely immense scope. Numerous human practices confirm that all these processes are irreversible, and entropy tends to increase, never decreases. (2) The thermodynamics of thermal electrons in a magnetic field: Some new experiments each about thermal electrons emitted from two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs emitters in a vacuum tube. The tube is applied by a static magnetic field that bends the trajectories of the electrons, resulting in a weak asymmetry in the motion of the thermal electrons (to left or to right). The tube can output a weak but macroscope electric current and a power. Thus, the internal energy of the tube decreases slightly, and the temperature of the tube follows to drop down slightly. So, the tube automatically attracts waste heat from ambient air to compensate its output power. The magnetic field here is a nice Maxwell’s demon. An experiment video is included in this article. (3) Cosmic thermodynamics: The universe is closed, and there is naturally an extremely immense intrinsic ocean of thermal radiation in the central part of the closed universe. The temperature of the heat ocean is 2.73K. Black holes are natural demons in the universe. A big band followed by a big assemble forms a big cycle. All the matter and energy in the universe are involved in the big cycle. Clausius’ Heat Death is an excessive anxiety.