Plant-based Phytoconstituents/Bioactive Compounds as Preventive and Therapeutic Agents for Their Nephrolithiasis/Anti-nephrolithiasis Properties

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis, also known as kidney stones, is a common illness characterized by intense pain and multiple other issues. The development of stones is affected by metabolic processes as well as dietary and genetic factors, frequently leading to their recurrence. Traditional therapies, although effective, still have the risk of adverse effects or relapse. Plant-based phytoconstituents as well as bioactive compounds have emerged as an alternative strategy for the prevention and management of nephrolithiasis. Methods: This review examines plant-derived bioactive substances used in nephrolithiasis prevention and treatment using digital databases like Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, focusing on medicinal plants and nephrolithiasis management. The study evaluates a plant’s potential as a nutritional agent, its phytochemical and bioactive properties, its targeting of specific renal stones, and its mechanism of action. Discussion: Various phytochemical compounds exhibit potential anti-nephrolithiasis effects by obstructing crystal formation, diminishing mineral supersaturation, and facilitating stone expulsion. Compounds that belong to Tribulus terrestris, Phyllanthus niruri, and Citrus limon, have demonstrated the ability to inhibit the aggregation of stone-forming compounds, including calcium oxalate (CaOx), uric acid, and phosphate. Moreover, these herbs demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities that may alleviate kidney problems linked to stone formation. Even though preclinical studies are encouraging, more clinical trials are needed to prove that these phytotherapeutic interventions are safe and effective. Conclusion: Bioactive substances derived from plants have a lot of potential as both preventative and therapeutic agents for nephrolithiasis. They could provide an effective and long-lasting treatment for kidney stones.