Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Inoperable Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Insights from a Pilot Low-Volume Centre Study and a Comparative Analysis with Other Centres

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the Vilnius Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Referral Centre and to provide a comparative analysis with other centres. Materials and Methods: This study included all BPA procedures performed between 2019 and 2024 in a single tertiary centre. Invasive haemodynamic parameters and clinical variables were assessed at baseline; at the end of invasive treatment; and at the conclusion of follow-up, an average of 8.6 months after the last BPA. A literature review was also performed. Results: Twenty-six patients with inoperable CTEPH were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 61.6 (40–80) years. Each patient underwent a mean of 3.84 (1–9) procedures. Follow-up data were available for 12 patients with an average of 6.08 (3–9) procedures. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased by 32% (p < 0.001) and pulmonary vascular resistance by 41% (p = 0.001) at follow-up compared with the baseline measurements. There was also a significant 80% (p < 0.001) reduction in brain natriuretic peptide levels and a 30% (p = 0.04) increase in 6-min walk distance. The BPA procedures were generally safe in this low-volume centre setting, with only 17% of procedures having non-severe and non-fatal procedure-related complications. The most common complications included vessel dissection (10%), pulmonary vascular injury with haemoptysis (3%), and hyperperfusion pulmonary oedema (1%), which was successfully treated in all patients. Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the BPA procedure is an effective and safe treatment for individuals with inoperable CTEPH, being associated with significant improvements in hemodynamic parameters and functional capacity and a low risk of major complications in the low-volume tertiary PH centre setting.