Interpretation of the Gnevyshev–Ohl Effect and Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays by Solar Activity

The available data for complete magnetic cycles from the 18th to the current moment of the 25th cycle are studied, relative to the maxima of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in even cycles (in the 18th, the minimum of the SSN cycle is taken as 0): the sunspot number (SSN), the polar magnetic field (B) and the Moscow neutron monitor (NM MOSC). The asymmetry of even and odd 11-year solar activity (SA) cycles in a complete 22-year magnetic cycle (visible in B, GCR and SSN) corresponds to the Gnevyshev–Ohl rule (GOR). It is caused by the appearance of sunspot cycles in the decay phase of odd, which provide an additional non-zero magnetic flux necessary to form the maximum dipole magnetic field and complete the complete even-odd 22-year cycle. The numerical parameter is proposed that characterizes the GOR efficiency, which increases in the decay phase of SSN cycles. If the GOR is fulfilled, then within the framework of the Leighton model, the B values have a constant contribution of the relic magnetic field