Pathophysiological and therapeutic insights into Viperidae envenomation: Mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and advances in antivenom strategies

Key Points

• Envenomation leads to significant clinical manifestations, including coagulation disorders and neurotoxicity, which can be life-threatening.
• Antivenom strategies reveal a 30% increase in effectiveness compared to older formulations, indicating improved patient outcomes.
• Assessment of therapeutic strategies indicates a decrease in fatality rates following updated antivenom applications over the last decade.
• The findings support the need for continuous antivenom enhancement and further research in pathophysiological mechanisms for effective treatment.