What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore the geometric relationship between spacetime, the golden ratio, and observable universe measurements.

March 29, 2026Open Access

The Geometry of Spacetime

Key Points

To explore the geometric relationship between spacetime, the golden ratio, and observable universe measurements.
Constructed a model using the golden ratio to define observable universe relationships.
Developed a comoving distance formula that includes one boundary constraint.
Applied the model to 12 astronomical objects across various redshifts to test accuracy.
The model accurately predicts distances with a 2.66% RMS error.
Findings indicate the universe has started decelerating according to recent DESI data.
Identified two numerical coincidences related to the golden ratio in the context of the universe.

Abstract

The observable universe diameter and age satisfy D = T × φ⁴, where φ is the golden ratio, accurate to 1.6% and independent of the Hubble constant. A torus model with a golden-ratio-governed cross-section is presented. A comoving distance formula constructed from powers of φ, with one boundary constraint, reproduces observed distances to 12 objects across redshifts z = 0.08 to z = 1100 with 2.66% RMS error. The model places maximum expansion at the present epoch, predicting the universe has begun decelerating—consistent with 2025 DESI findings. Two φ-based numerical coincidences are noted. An interactive 3D model is provided.

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Cite This Study

Krimsey Lilleth (Fri,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69c8c2b8de0f0f753b39d330 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19265074

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