Gradient modulation of spatial metaphors for abstract concepts in L2 by embodied experience: ERP evidence

Key Points

• This study explores how embodied experiences influence spatial metaphor connections in second language learners.
• Utilized event-related potential (ERP) techniques with a valence judgment and vertical Stroop task.
• Conducted two experiments: visual simulation (Experiment 1) and hand movement simulation (Experiment 2).
• Measured response times and brain wave amplitudes (N400 and LPC) during metaphor processing.
• Visual simulation induced only ‘positive-up’ metaphor connections, with faster reaction times for positive words presented above.
• Hand movement simulation led to ‘positive-up/negative-down’ connections, showing shorter reaction times and changes in N400 and LPC amplitudes.
• Findings confirm the existence of spatial metaphor effects in second language abstract concepts and reveal nuanced modulation based on embodied experience.