Gradient modulation of spatial metaphors for abstract concepts in L2 by embodied experience: ERP evidence

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Key Points

This study explores how embodied experiences influence spatial metaphor connections in second language learners.
Utilized event-related potential (ERP) techniques with a valence judgment and vertical Stroop task.
Conducted two experiments: visual simulation (Experiment 1) and hand movement simulation (Experiment 2).
Measured response times and brain wave amplitudes (N400 and LPC) during metaphor processing.
Visual simulation induced only ‘positive-up’ metaphor connections, with faster reaction times for positive words presented above.
Hand movement simulation led to ‘positive-up/negative-down’ connections, showing shorter reaction times and changes in N400 and LPC amplitudes.
Findings confirm the existence of spatial metaphor effects in second language abstract concepts and reveal nuanced modulation based on embodied experience.

Investigates embodied experiences' effects on abstract concept spatial metaphors in L2, suggesting modulation varies by experience type.

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Yao et al. (2026) studied this question.

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