Abstract The shipping industry has become essential to international trade and its carbon emissions have significantly increased since the Greenhouse Gas Protocol guideline revision. Hence, the conflict between the industry and global climate goals has caused concerns. This study focused on carbon emissions dynamics in shipping. Recent development trends, the most recent technologies, and world policy paths for decarbonisation were reviewed. First, the major influencing factors on emissions were analysed, and included ship system types, fuel use characteristics, and inefficient engine performance. Subsequently, the cumulative environmental and social effects of emissions were examined, including rapid climate change, marine ecosystem disruption due to ocean acidification, and higher coastal community public health risks. Furthermore, this study investigated the development trend of technologies vital for decarbonisation based on progress in using alternative fuels, particularly liquefied natural gas, hydrogen, and ammo- nia. Moreover, greater overall in energy efficiency were examined through hull shape optimisation and demand-side management. More recent digital solutions include route optimisation and artificial intelligence-driven fleet management. Additionally, this review provided quantitative insights to indicate the potential emission reductions. Following the International Maritime Organisation Carbon Intensity Indicator and the European Union “Fit for 55” initiatives. This review also examined how initiatives led by the industry, such as the Poseidon Principles. Despite clear progress, the high implementation and technology costs, the lack of regulatory enforcement, and resistance constitute major barriers in this sector. This study synthesised diverse disciplinary perspectives. Future paths will include emerging technologies, stricter governance, and innovative financing approaches to promote a sustainable maritime industry.
Makhtar et al. (Mon,) studied this question.