Xīnxu, or the learning of the heart-mind, is a defining strand of Neo-Confucian thought, with Wng Yngmng as one of its most influential figures. Rooted in Confucianism yet enriched by Daoist cosmology and Buddhist introspection, it represents centuries of intellectual synthesis. This article examines the historical evolution of xīnxu a qualitative approach, employing document-based library research and historical analysis to trace its origins, transformations, and culmination. The study traces five main stages: its germination in the pre-Qn period; consolidation of Confucian orthodoxy in the Hn dynasty and integration with Daoist and Buddhist thought in the Tng; theoretical refinements in Sng Neo-Confucianism; maturity in the Mng under Wng Yngmng; and later transformations in the Qīng, modern reinterpretations, and transmission across East Asia. Findings show that Wngs synthesisarticulated in mind is principle (xīn j lǐ), unity of knowledge and action (zhī xng h yī), and innate moral knowledge or conscience (lingzhī)reshaped Confucianism while responding to the moral crises of his time. The study concludes that xīnxus enduring significance lies in cultivating moral self-awareness, guiding personal and social responsibility, and offering a framework for cross-cultural philosophical dialogue.
Yuan et al. (Thu,) studied this question.