copper release, whereas CC filters had limited antimicrobial effects. The plants tolerated metal-containing greywater and contributed to nutrient and organic matter removal without adverse effects on plant biomass. Treatment performance improved with increasing system complexity. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a modular, nature-based co-filter concept as an approach for decentralized greywater treatment and water reuse.
Gholami et al. (Mon,) studied this question.