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This approach improves antimicrobial effects and nutrient removal from greywater, suggesting better water reuse options.
copper release, whereas CC filters had limited antimicrobial effects. The plants tolerated metal-containing greywater and contributed to nutrient and organic matter removal without adverse effects on plant biomass. Treatment performance improved with increasing system complexity. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a modular, nature-based co-filter concept as an approach for decentralized greywater treatment and water reuse.
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Gholami et al. (2026) studied this question.
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