Clinical characteristics, treatment and long-term outcomes of patients with right-sided cardiac thrombus

OBJECTIVE: Right-sided cardiac thrombus is rare and may be caused by venous thromboembolism, in association with medical devices or stasis of blood in atrial fibrillation (AF) and cardiomyopathies. Complications include pulmonary embolism (PE) and paradoxical stroke. Current data are limited and mostly from case series and PE registries. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, echocardiographic features, treatments, and outcomes of right-sided cardiac thrombus patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of 97 consecutive patients with right-sided cardiac thrombus detected on echocardiography. We studied co-morbidities, predisposing factors, thrombus characteristics, and therapeutic interventions and assessed their associations with the development of PE, paradoxical stroke, circulatory collapse, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The mean age was 58.7 years, and 55/97 (56.7%) of the participants were female. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and malignancy were common co-morbidities. Right atrial (RA) thrombus was often associated with medical devices, while right ventricular (RV) thrombus was more commonly associated with cardiomyopathy. Thrombus mobility did not affect embolic events but was associated with greater short-term mortality. On multivariable analysis, anticoagulation (HR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.68) and thrombus resolution (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13-0.62) were associated with greater survival. CONCLUSION: Right-sided cardiac thrombus is rare but may have potentially life-threatening complications such as PE and paradoxical stroke. Further research is needed to determine the optimal therapeutic strategies for this poorly studied population.