Endoscopic and exoscopic approaches to the temporal bone and lateral skull base

Otologists and lateral skull base surgeons have traditionally relied on the use of the operative microscope for intraoperative visualization. In recent years, endoscopic and exoscopic technologies have introduced new avenues for researching, visualizing, approaching, and understanding this complex and dense anatomic region. This review aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive update as to the use of endoscopes and exoscopes in temporal bone, otologic, and lateral skull base surgery, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential impact on surgical outcomes.