Multi-Elemental Analysis for the Determination of the Geographic Origin of Tropical Timber from the Brazilian Legal Amazon

Illegal logging is a major threat to tropical forests; however, control mechanisms and efforts to combat illegal logging have not effectively curbed fraud in the production chain, highlighting the need for effective methods to verify the geographic origin of timber. This study investigates the application of multi-elemental analysis combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to discriminate the provenance of tropical timber in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. Wood samples of Hymenaea courbaril L. (Jatobá), Handroanthus sp. (Ipê), and Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A. Chevalier. (Maçaranduba) were taken from multiple sites. Elemental concentrations were determined via Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and CA was applied to evaluate geographic differentiation. Significant differences in elemental profiles were found among locations, particularly when using the intermediate disk portions (25% to 75%), and especially the average of all five sampled portions, which proved most effective in geographic discrimination of the trunk. Elements such as Ca, Sr, Cr, Cu, Zn, and B were especially important for spatial discrimination. These findings underscore the forensic potential of multi-elemental wood profiling as a tool to support law enforcement and environmental monitoring by providing scientifically grounded evidence of timber origin.