Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptoms among rural empty nesters in China

The number of empty nesters in rural areas is expected to grow. Common psychological problems such as depression and anxiety require focused attention. This study explores the depression and anxiety symptoms network among rural empty nesters to understand the central and bridge symptoms. The data of 1,709 rural empty nesters were obtained from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Centre for Epidemiology Depression Scale (CES-D-10) and Generalized Anxiety 7-item Scale (GAD-7). The R4.4.3 was used for network estimation, centrality estimation, bridge symptoms, accuracy, stability and difference tests. The study found that among 1,709 rural empty nesters, 880 (51.5%) had depression symptoms, 241 (14.1%) had anxiety symptoms and 225 (13.2%) had both depression and anxiety symptoms. Network analyses revealed that G4 'Trouble relaxing', D3 'Feeling depressed', G7 'Fear of horrible events' and D9 'Inability to get going' were the central symptoms in the depression and anxiety network. G7 'Fear of horrible events', G1 'Nervousness or anxiety', D10 'Sleep quality' and D1 'Feeling bothered' are bridge symptoms in the network. The central and bridge symptoms play an important role in the depression and anxiety network of rural empty nesters. Developing interventions based on central and bridge symptoms can help prevent or improve their psychological situation.