Research Progress on Cellular Immune Mechanisms and New Vaccine Platforms in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines

In recent years, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) caused novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in the global serious impact, and the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections continued to rise, the World Health Organization (WHO) to publicly declare COVID-19 as a pandemic. Vaccines, along with human specific and non-specific immunity, are powerful means of combating SARS-CoV-2 and can to some extent control the speed and route of COVID-19 transmission. Therefore, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, the transmission routes and methods of COVID-19, the immune mechanisms of the body in the face of SARS-CoV-2 and the immune escape methods of the virus, the types and advantages and disadvantages of vaccines, and to enhance the performance, safety, and effectiveness of vaccine development. The article mainly elaborates on the characteristics and immune escape of SARS-CoV-2, the immune response of the human body in the face of virus invasion, and the characteristics of different COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the prospects for future vaccine development and improvement.