What Are the Key Biological Pathways Through Which Lifestyle Factors Influence Neurodegeneration?

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons, pose significant health challenges globally, with current treatments offering limited efficacy. Preventive strategies targeting modifiable lifestyle factors are therefore of increasing importance. This study synthesizes evidence on four key biological pathways involved in neurodegeneration: (1) chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, (2) circadian rhythm disruption, (3) oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and (4) gut-brain axis signaling. Diet, sleep, and physical activity are highlighted as modulators of these pathways. To contextualize these mechanisms within public understanding and behavior, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess awareness, beliefs, and lifestyle practices related to brain health. Results indicated gaps between awareness and action, with education, diet, and sleep linked to prevention beliefs, but fatigue and stress limiting engagement in preventive behaviors. By integrating biological insights with real-world perceptions, this study offers guidance for both clinical prevention strategies and public health interventions aimed at reducing ND risk.