This analysis examines the external field effect in MOND, highlighting gravitational response in test masses.
A strange and interesting aspect of MOND is the External Field Effect (EFE). If physics is strictly local, it doesn’t matter what happens outside of an experimental apparatus, only inside it. Examples of gravitational experiments include an Eötvös-style apparatus in a laboratory or a dwarf galaxy in space: in each case, test masses/stars respond to each other’s gravity. The MOND force depends on the acceleration from all sources;
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Stacy McGaugh (2025) studied this question.
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