Multivariate analysis for yield and yield-related traits of amaranth Accessions from Malawi

Abstract Background: Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an underutilized, climate-resilient crop with significant potential to enhance food and nutritional security. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and trait-based classification of six amaranth genotypes using multivariate analyses on seven quantitative traits. Results: Principal component analysis revealed that the first two components explained 63.6% of the total variation, effectively distinguishing genotypes based on vegetative vigor and reproductive output. Cluster analysis identified two statistically distinct groups, with grain yield and inflorescence length contributing most to genetic divergence. Strong positive correlations among grain yield, stem girth, leaf length, and inflorescence traits suggest opportunities for indirect selection. Genotypes CK-BH-01 and LL-BH-04 exhibited superior performance in yield-related traits, making them as promising candidates for breeding improvement. Conclusion: These findings provide a robust, data-driven framework for trait-based selection in amaranth breeding, supporting the development of high-yielding, stress-resilient varieties adapted to diverse agroecological zones.