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July 14, 2025Open Access

A New Farme Work of Thermodynamics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics Is Actrually a Law of Energy Circulation

Xinyong Fu Zitao Fu

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Key Points

The framework introduces three parts of thermodynamics and explores their implications for energy dynamics.
Experiments show thermal electrons in a magnetic field can produce stable electric current while violating the second law.
Internal energy and temperature decrease slightly as the tube compensates by attracting ambient waste heat.
In the cosmos, entropy can fluctuate due to cycles involving all matter and energy, challenging traditional views.

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Implication

This framework reveals deviations from the second law of thermodynamics in energy circulation, involving thermal electrons and cosmic processes.

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Cite This Study

Fu et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/689a02b6e6551bb0af8cc4f4 https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.1065.v5

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