Emerging therapy targets to modulate microbiome-mediated effects evident in cardiovascular disease

The human gut microbiota influences host metabolism, immune responses, and inflammation, with microbial dysbiosis linked to metabolic disorders and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Notably, metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and bile acids, which are influenced by the microbiome and its functional composition, have been implicated in vascular health, immune modulation, and atherosclerosis. This review summarizes recent findings on the gut-heart axis, demonstrating the intricate interplay between microbial communities, dietary influences and cardiovascular health. Recognizing the microbiome's impact on CVD could yield novel therapeutic targets, including prebiotics, probiotics, and precision medicine approaches that modulate microbial diversity and activities to reduce residual CVD risk.