Exploring norfloxacin analogs in combating antimicrobial resistance: design, mechanistic insights and structure activity relationship

Norfloxacin (NF), a fluoroquinolone (FN) antibiotic, has garnered significant attention for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. This review article explores the structural modifications and derivatives of NF that enhance its efficacy and broaden its antimicrobial spectrum. We systematically analyze various chemical modifications, including substitutions at the 7 and 8 positions of the quinolone core, and their impact on antibacterial potency, pharmacokinetics, and resistance profiles. Additionally, we discuss the mechanisms of action of NF derivatives, their effectiveness against resistant strains, and the potential for synergistic combinations with other antimicrobial agents. The review highlights promising candidates from recent studies, emphasizing the need for continued research into NF derivatives as potential therapeutic options in the fight against multidrug-resistant infections. Ultimately, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in NF derivatives, contributing to the development of novel antimicrobial strategies.