Blood‑brain barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and implications (Review)

The present review explored the emerging role of blood‑brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in schizophrenia. Findings from biochemical markers, neuroimaging, genetic studies and experimental models are integrated to examine the impact of BBB dysfunction on the development and progression of schizophrenia. Additionally, the mechanisms by which BBB dysfunction exacerbates the schizophrenia were examined, including disruptions in cerebral blood flow, the facilitation of neuroinflammation and alterations in neurotransmitter systems. Finally, the potential for integrating BBB‑targeted interventions into broader therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia were discussed, with the goal of improving drug efficacy and minimizing side effects in clinical practice.