Navigating Fatherhood: Young Fathers’ Experiences in Responsive Caregiving in Arusha Tanzania. A qualitative study

Abstract Background In Tanzania's Arusha region, strong cultural traditions influence caregiving practices and limit fathers' involvement in early childcare. While men traditionally play decision-making and financial roles, research shows that positive father involvement can enhance children's development. This study investigated the experiences of young fathers in the Arusha region of Tanzania concerning responsive caregiving (RCG), a critical component of early childhood development (ECD) that fosters positive child outcomes. Guided by the Nurturing Care Framework, which emphasizes nutrition, health, responsive caregiving, play, and safety, the research focuses on how cultural traditions impact paternal involvement in RCG. Objectives This research explored the experiences of young fathers (ages 15-29) concerning RCG, identifying barriers to RCG, and their understanding of the RCG practices. Methodology A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted in Meru, Karatu and Arusha districts. Participants were selected purposely in areas where ECD (RCG) interventions were implemented. Data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and analyzed using Dedoose v8.3. Findings The study revealed an increase in male engagement in caregiving, with fathers transitioning from passive roles to active participation, fostering stronger father-child emotional bonds. The study revealed that many fathers had begun to challenge traditional gender norms, embracing shared parenting responsibilities, despite facing societal judgments. Their enhanced confidence in caregiving roles was attributed to targeted training programs, although challenges such as work-life balance and resistance from older generations persisted. Conclusions While the Mzazi Hodari program has positively influenced male caregivers' engagement, cultural barriers and patriarchal norms continue to limit their full participation. In the future, early childhood development initiatives should include the implementation of male-specific educational programs and culturally sensitive outreach strategies to enhance fathers' contributions to their children's early development and related practices in Tanzania.