Sex-Specific Factors in Quality of Life among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Relationship Dynamics, Mental Health, and Communication

Abstract Background: Quality of life (QoL) in deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) adults is a complex interplay of social, emotional, and communicative factors. Understanding sex-specific nuances is essential for targeted interventions. This study explores gender differences in QoL among DHH adults in Poland, focusing on relationship dynamics, mental health, and communication effectiveness. Methods: We surveyed 247 DHH Polish adults (136 women, 111 men) aged 18-71, assessing life satisfaction (SWLS), relationship quality, mental health (depression, anxiety), and communication skills. We employed t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlational analyses to identify significant sex-related disparities. Results: Key findings reveal significant gender differences in QoL. DHH men reported markedly higher life satisfaction scores compared to women (M=22.95 vs. M=20.88, p<0.001). Women reported disproportionately greater difficulties in communicating with their partners (42% vs. 28%, p=0.03) and exhibited significantly higher levels of depression (M=15.2 vs. M=12.8, p=0.008) and anxiety (M=18.5 vs. M=16.1, p=0.016). The capacity for partners to understand sign language was significantly correlated with relationship quality, and women exhibited superior comprehension of sign communication. Conclusions: Sex is a significant predictor of QoL in deaf and hard of hearing adults. The findings underscore the urgent need for tailored interventions addressing the unique challenges faced by women, including communication barriers, relationship difficulties, and elevated mental health risks. The counterintuitive finding that profound deafness correlates with greater life satisfaction warrants further investigation, potentially signaling the role of acceptance and adaptation in overall well-being.