Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles Alter Social Behavior, Color Preference, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) are widely used in various industries, raising concerns about their potential toxicity in aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SiO₂NPs on behavioral, histological, and biochemical parameters in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of SiO₂NPs, and their behavior was assessed using the social interaction test and the color preference test. Significant alterations in social behavior, including reduced group cohesion and increased isolation tendencies, were observed. Additionally, exposed zebrafish exhibited a marked shift in color preference, indicating potential disruptions in sensory or cognitive function. Histological analyses revealed tissue changes in gill, liver, and brain structures, while biochemical assays indicated reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), suggesting elevated oxidative stress (OS). These findings suggest that SiO₂NPs can induce neurobehavioral changes and OS in zebrafish, highlighting the need for further investigation into their ecological and health-related risks.