Bioactive polysaccharides and their potential health benefits in reducing the risks of metabolic syndrome: A review

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex noncommunicable condition characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Epidemiological evidence shows that MetS affects a third of the global population; however, due to its complex pathogenesis and limited drug therapy options, the increasing prevalence is a global public health concern. Consequently, there is increasing interest in natural, novel, safe, and effective supplementary therapies to the existing drug and surgical interventions for treating metabolic diseases. Bioactive polysaccharides characterized by low toxicity, high ubiquity, and physiological properties have attracted much attention in the regulation of MetS. Recently, bioactive polysaccharides have been shown to maintain glucose homeostasis, reduce insulin resistance, and prevent diabetes and obesity complications; however, the mechanisms responsible for specific effects related to the prevention and management of MetS is still unclear. This review discusses the effects and underlying mechanisms of bioactive polysaccharides in preventing and managing metabolic diseases by improving glycolipid metabolism, alleviating systemic inflammation, and modulating gut microbiota. Furthermore, the contribution of the structure‐activity relationship is advanced where possible. The findings on the biomechanisms provide mechanistic insight into the safe and dependable application of bioactive polysaccharides in reducing MetS‐associated risks.