July 27, 2025Open Access

Inflammatory cytokines promote interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcriptional activity in human pulmonary epithelial cells through the induction of IRF1 by nuclear factor-κB

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IRF1 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells is induced by inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF.
NF-kappa B plays a crucial role in promoting IRF1 transcription in response to IL-1 beta stimulation.
Primary and A549 cells exhibit significant differences in IRF mRNA and protein expression profiles.
Understanding IRF1's response to cytokines could explain glucocorticoid-resistant diseases like severe asthma.

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Research demonstrates that IL-1 beta and TNF enhance IRF1 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells, highlighting NF-kB's role.

Necker‐Brown et al. (2025) studied this question.

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