This paper examines the pervasive and deeply rooted problems that impede scientific progress, with particular focus on institutional resistance to new ideas and systemic barriers that prevent the advancement of knowledge. Through analysis of historical patterns and contemporary examples, we investigate three primary manifestations of these entrenched problems: Max Planck's principle regarding generational change in science, the phenomenon of academic fraud and gatekeeping, and the specific case of persistent theoretical errors in scientific fields. Our findings reveal that scientific progress is often hindered not by lack of evidence or rational discourse, but by institutional inertia, power structures, and the human tendency to resist paradigm-shifting ideas. The peer review system, while intended to maintain quality standards, has evolved into a mechanism that frequently stifles innovation and perpetuates established orthodoxies. We conclude that addressing these entrenched problems requires fundamental reform of scientific institutions, greater transparency in evaluation processes, and recognition that scientific advancement often occurs despite, rather than because of, existing gatekeeping mechanisms.
Yue Liu (Fri,) studied this question.