This review discusses the mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions for mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy, highlighting their promise in treating prostate and lung cancer.
mRNA vaccines constitute a new class of anticancer therapy, enabling precise stimulation of the immune system through the expression of tumour antigens. The success of COVID-19 vaccines has accelerated their development and has opened up new therapeutic possibilities in oncology. The aim of the review is to discuss the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and directions for the development of mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy. The study reviews scientific literature on the therapeutic use of mRNA vaccines in the treatment of prostate and lung cancer. The data include scientific publications from 2003 to 2025, published in the PubMed and Scopus databases. mRNA vaccines have shown promising efficacy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (CV9103, CV9104), non-small cell lung cancer (CV9201, CV9202, mRNA-5671/V941). The use of lipid nanocarriers (LNPs) significantly improves vaccine stability and immunogenicity. Combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demonstrate synergistic effects. mRNA vaccines present a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy but require further research into formulation stability, the accuracy of antigen selection, and the predictability of immune responses. Furthermore, advancements in LNP technology and personalised medicine supported by artificial intelligence could markedly improve the clinical efficacy of mRNA therapies.
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