The Effect of Resistance Training Volume on Individual-Level Skeletal Muscle Adaptations: A Novel Replicated Within-Participant Unilateral Trial

Purpose. There is growing emphasis on investigating heterogeneity in resistance training (RT) outcomes, likely motivated by observations of substantial gross variability in training effects. However, gross variability does not necessarily represent true inter-individual response variation (IRV) and can be obscured by measurement error, sampling variance, and biological variability. Appropriate study design and statistical analysis are required to distinguish IRV from these confounding sources of within-participant variation. Methods. 16 recreationally trained participants completed a novel replicated within-participant unilateral design across two 11-week training phases separated by a 6-8 week washout. Lower limbs were randomized to a low volume (~8 sets/week) or high volume (~16 sets/week) training protocol in each phase. We assessed both general (GEN; average response across conditions) and condition-specific (CON; difference between volumes) IRV for vastus lateralis cross-sectional area and leg press one-repetition maximum using a multi-stage statistical approach. Results. Higher weekly set volumes demonstrated a detectable advantage for muscle hypertrophy (1.8 cm 2 [95% HDI: 0.29, 3.41]; 98.77% posterior probability) but not maximal strength (3.48 kg [95% HDI: -5.1, 12.15]; 80.01% posterior probability). Despite substantial gross variability, we failed to detect irrefutable evidence of meaningful IRV. Integrated methods revealed stronger evidence for GEN versus CON IRV, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.67 to 0.7 for GEN versus 0.04 to 0.06 for CON. Conclusions. Our findings clearly illustrate that gross variability in training outcomes does not necessarily indicate true inter-individual differences, a distinction critical for both research and practice.