Heavy Metals and Antioxidant Defenses in the Soil Ciliate Rigidohymena tetracirrata

In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the soil ciliate Rigidohymena tetracirrata exposed to single and bimetallic mixtures of heavy metals (HMs) for 24 h. Ecotoxicological tests showed LC20 values of 0.51, 0.22 and 23.0 mg l-1 to Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively, and LC50 values of 1.18, 0.37 and 32.7 mg l-1, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that the mixture of Cd and Zn exhibited antagonism in comparison to other mixtures, (Cd+Cu and Cu+Zn). In the total phenolic content (TPC) assay, a higher phenolic content was observed for the LC20 of extracellular Cu (p ≤ 0.01) and LC20 of intracellular Cd (p ≤ 0.001). The LC50 values for Cd and Zn in both extracellular and intracellular contents demonstrated increased α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity with significant values of p ≤ 0.05, respectively. Regarding Hydroxyl scavenging activity (HRSA), the LC50 of extracellular Cd (p ≤ 0.001) and LC50 of intracellular Cu (p ≤ 0.001) exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Therefore, the present study suggests that R. tetracirrata holds considerable potential as bioindicators and could be used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies of soil polluted by HMs.