Energy Restriction and Adipose Tissue Remodeling: From Inflammation to Thermogenesis

Humans possess two primary types of adipose tissue: white and brown. Under specific conditions -such as cold exposure- white adipose depots may undergo remodeling, giving rise to metabolically active beige adipocytes in a process termed “browning.” Recent evidence confirms that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans, playing a vital role in systemic energy expenditure through uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) mediated thermogenesis. Beyond its storage function, adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ involved in inflammation and metabolic regulation. Energy restriction not only facilitates fat loss but also triggers favorable remodeling in adipose tissue, attenuates low-grade inflammation, and enhances metabolic flexibility. This review discusses how energy restriction influences adipose tissue dynamics, with a focus on inflammation, browning, adipokine secretion, and thermogenic capacity.