A Review of Synthetic Polymers in Hemodialysis Membranes: Impact on Biocompatibility and Performance

A wide range of synthetic polymers is employed in hemodialysis (HD) applications, each offering unique advantages and potential limitations that can impact patient outcomes. These polymers are primarily chosen for their excellent permeability to uremic solutes and superior biocompatibility, which are critical for efficient blood purification. However, challenges such as membrane fouling, protein adsorption and long-term blood compatibility remain concerns that can affect the overall efficacy and safety of the treatment. In recent years, advances in polymer engineering have led to the development of new membrane materials with improved selectivity, durability, and reduced inflammatory response. Polysulfone (PS), polyurethane (PU), polyethersulfone (PES) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are among the most widely used polymers in commercial dialyzers, each with specific performance characteristics tailored to patient needs. In the current review, we overviewed various types of polymers used as hemodialyzer material and their contribution to enhance patient life span.