As a key technology for integrating transportation and energy systems, electric vehicle (EV) vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction promotes transforming energy consumption patterns toward intelligence and decarbonization. This paper systematically analyzes the current development status and future trends of V2G, focusing on key breakthrough directions in technology, policy, business models, infrastructure, and user participation. Studies have shown that V2G technology realizes the deep synergy between electric vehicles and smart grids through bidirectional energy flow and provides diverse auxiliary services for the power system, including frequency regulation, voltage support, and peak-valley filling. Current technological developments present three significant features: intelligent upgrading of charging infrastructure, precise control of the battery management system, and standardized construction of communication protocols. However, diffusion of EV Vehicle-Grid Interaction (VGI) technology still faces four core challenges. They are accelerated battery cycle life decay, power grid safe operation stability, imperfect market participation mechanisms, and user acceptance psychological barriers. Recent research has proposed three innovative solutions to these challenges: blockchain-based distributed trading platforms, AI-driven dynamic scheduling algorithms, and novel solid-state battery technologies.
Cuixia Li (Mon,) studied this question.